Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) can be used to develop add-ins (and more) for an Office application. In combination with the SharePoint Client Object Model, it could be used to retrieve additional information from a SharePoint site were the file is located.
You always need to specify a site URL when using the SharePoint Client Object Model. This URL can be retrieved from the document information panel.
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This location can easily be retrieved in your VSTO add-in or document template. To retrieve this value use the following code snippet.
Add-in
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Document Template
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Example
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